Dairy Resources - Diseases
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May 2024
Abstract:
We report highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle and cats in Kansas and Texas, United States, which reflects the continued spread of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses that entered the country in late 2021. Infected cattle experienced nonspecific illness, reduced feed intake and rumination, and an abrupt drop in milk production, but fatal systemic influenza infection developed in domestic cats fed raw (unpasteurized) colostrum and milk from affected cows. Cow-to-cow transmission appears to have occurred because infections were observed in cattle on Michigan, Idaho, and Ohio farms where avian influenza virus-infected cows were transported. Although the US Food and Drug Administration has indicated the commercial milk supply remains safe, the detection of influenza virus in unpasteurized bovine milk is a concern because of potential cross-species transmission. Continued surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in domestic production animals is needed to prevent cross-species and mammal-to-mammal transmission.
Burrough ER, Magstadt DR, Petersen B, Timmermans SJ, Gauger PC, Zhang J
et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024.
Emerg Infect Dis. 2024 Jul [date cited]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3007.240508
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April 2024
Using livestock census and movement data from Ethiopia, the team developed a transmission model to explore the potential for routine vaccination to control bovine tuberculosis. Photo: Canva |
Research has shown that a TB vaccine may enable elimination of the disease in cattle by reducing its spread. The study, led by the University of Cambridge and Penn State University, found that vaccination reduces its spread in dairy herds by 89% as well as lowering the severity of the disease in infected cattle.
It is thought to be the first study to show that BCG-vaccinated cattle infected with TB are substantially less infectious to other cattle, showing the potential to both boost health and welfare and save economic costs across the globe.
The spillover of infection from livestock has been estimated to account for about 10% of human tuberculosis cases. While such zoonotic TB infection is mostly associated with gastro-intestinal infections relating to drinking contaminated milk, TB can also cause chronic lung infections in humans, which can be indistinguishable from more regular tuberculosis, but is more difficult to treat.
Read more … Reducing the spread of TB in dairy cattle by 89%
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April 2024
Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammals
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5N1 are remarkable because of their expanding non-avian host range and wide tissue tropism. They have caused severe or fatal respiratory and extra-respiratory disease in seven naturally infected species of carnivore. However, they are not unique in their ability to cross the species barrier, to cause clinical disease and mortality, or to replicate in extra-respiratory organs. Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses have crossed from birds to swine, horses, harbour seals, whales and mink; have resulted in severe respiratory disease and mortality; and may have spread beyond the respiratory tract in some of these species. They are also transmitted from mammal to mammal in most species, and have become endemic in swine and horse populations, demonstrating their ability to adapt to and become sustained in mammals. Until now, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N1 have not acquired this ability, but there are concerns that they may adapt to mammalian species and, thus, could spark an influenza pandemic in humans.
L.A. Reperant, G.F. Rimmelzwaan, T. Kuiken
Revue scientifique et technique 28.1 (2009): 137.
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July 2023
Face flies can spread pinkeye and one of the earlist signs of disease is when cattle’s eyes become teary. |
MANHATTAN, Kan. — Anyone who has ever had a scratch on their eye or had dust get under their eyelid can attest to how painful an eye condition can be. Like people, cattle can also experience irritants in their eyes and that can often lead to pinkeye, say the experts at Kansas State University’s Beef Cattle Institute on a recent Cattle Chat podcast.
“Pinkeye is an eye infection that often first starts with watery eyes and then progresses to a swollen eye and even a white spot in the eyeball,” said K-State veterinarian Bob Larson.
Read more … K-State beef cattle veterinarians say pinkeye can lead to blindness if left untreated
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May 2022
ABSTRACT:
Claw horn lesions (CHL) are reported as the most common cause of lameness in intensive dairy systems. Despite their prevalence, the underlying pathological mechanisms and preventive strategies for CHL remain poorly understood. Recent advances have pointed to the role of inflammation in disease aetiopathogenesis. Moderating inflammation from first calving may lead to long-term benefits and a viable intervention for treating and preventing disease. We conducted a 34-mo randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of routine treatment with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen at calving and during treatment for lameness, on the future probability of lameness and culling, caused by exposure to normal farm conditions. A cohort of dairy heifers were recruited from a single, commercial dairy herd between January 8, 2018, and June 22, 2020, and randomly allocated to one of 4 treatment groups before first calving. The lactating herd was lameness scored every 2 wk on a 0 to 3 scale, to identify animals that became lame (single score ≥2a) and hence required treatment. Animals in group 1 received a therapeutic trim and a hoof block on the sound claw (if deemed necessary) every time they were treated for lameness. Animals in group 2 received the same treatment as group 1 with the addition of a 3-d course of ketoprofen (single dose daily) every time they were treated for lameness. Animals in group 3 received the same treatment as group 2 with the addition of a 3-d course of ketoprofen (single dose daily) starting 24 to 36 h after each calving. Animals in group 4 received a 3-d course of ketoprofen (single dose daily) every time they were identified with lameness. No therapeutic trim was administered to this group, unless they were identified as severely lame (a single score ≥3a). Animals were followed for the duration of the study (ending October 23, 2020). Probability of lameness was assessed by a lameness outcome score collected every 14 d. Data on culling was extracted from farm records. One hundred thirty-two animals were recruited to each group, with data from 438 animals included in the final analysis (111 in group 1, 117 in group 2, 100 in group 3, and 110 in group 4). Mixed effect logistic regression models were used to evaluate the effect of treatment group on the ongoing probability of lameness. Compared with the control group (group 1), animals in group 3 were less likely to become lame (odds ratio: 0.66) and severely lame (odds ratio: 0.28). A Cox proportional hazards survival model was used to investigate the effect of treatment group on time to culling. Compared with group 1, animals in groups 2 and 3 were at reduced risk of culling (hazard ratios: 0.55 and 0.56, respectively). The lameness effect size we identified was large and indicated that treating a cohort of animals with the group 3 protocol, would lead to an absolute reduction in population lameness prevalence of approximately 10% and severe lameness prevalence of 3%, compared with animals treated in accordance with conventional best practice (group 1).
J.P. Wilson, M.J. Green, L.V. Randall, J.S. Thompson, N.J. Bollard, J.N. Huxley
Journal of Dairy Science DOI:https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2021-21329
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November 2021
Serotonin found to be an important factor in calcium homeostasis in dairy cows
Research over the last decade has focused on understanding the shift in calcium metabolism, with an emphasis on the relationship of serotonin with calcium during the transition period and lactation. (Public Domain) |
Read more … Examining the role of serotonin during the peripartum period in dairy cows
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October 2021
Helena, Mont. – Bovine tuberculosis (TB) has been confirmed in a Montana beef herd for the first time in decades. The Montana Department of Livestock (MDOL) confirmed TB in a Blaine County herd following detection of the disease in a cow at slaughter. The infected cow was identified by meat inspectors during routine inspection at a Minnesota plant. Identification collected from the infected cow at the time of slaughter linked the animal to a Blaine County beef herd and subsequent herd testing revealed additional TB infected animals. The herd has been placed under quarantine.
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October 2021
These images show a yearling heifer that died at 19 days on feed after having been treated for signs of lameness two days prior to death. (Feedlot Health Management Services) |
These images show a yearling heifer that died at 19 days on feed after having been treated for signs of lameness two days prior to death.
The team at Feedlot Health Management Services diagnosed this case as toe tip necrosis syndrome (TTNS), a disease process characterized by necrosis of the third phalangeal bone (P3).
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September 2021
Abstract:
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of peripartal administration of a commercially available nonspecific immune stimulant (mycobacterium cell wall fraction; MCWF [Amplimune, NovaVive Inc., Napanee, ON, Canada]) on the incidence of disease during early lactation and subsequent fertility of dairy cows. A second objective was to characterize the dynamics of circulating white blood cells (WBC) and metabolic markers following treatment administration. Cows in an United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) organic-certified dairy herd were blocked by parity and, based on sequential calving dates, randomly assigned to receive two injections (5 mL s.c.) of either a placebo (saline solution) as a control (CON; n = 71) or MCWF (n = 65) at enrollment (7 d before expected calving) and within 24 h after calving. Blood samples were collected from a subsample of the study population (MCWF = 16; CON = 18) for WBC count at enrollment, at day 2 post enrollment, and at days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after calving. Serum fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and Ca concentrations were determined at days 1 and 7 postpartum (MCWF = 21; CON = 21). Main outcome variables included incidence risk of peripartal and early lactation health disorders and pregnancy at first artificial insemination (AI), at 100, and at 150 days in milk (DIM). In addition, the average daily milk yield up to 90 DIM and death and live culling before 305 DIM were compared. Treatment effects were assessed using multivariable logistic regression, time-to-event analyses, and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). A treatment effect on the incidence risk of some of the health disorders in the study was established. Incidence risk of metritis and clinical mastitis
Gilberto Solano-Suárez, Luciano S Caixeta, Alexander Masic, Diego Manríquez, Luciana Hatamoto-Zervoudakis, Sushil Paudyal, Ana Velasquez-Munoz, Juan Velez, Pablo J Pinedo
Journal of Animal Science, Volume 99, Issue 9, September 2021, skab191, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab191
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September 2021
Want to keep disease out of your calf barn? If so, it might be prudent to take a page from the biosecurity measures of our pig-and-poultry-raising kin, and set up a “Danish entry.” (Taylor Leach) |
It’s a concept that has been in use for years in poultry and swine facilities, and one that can offer the same biosecurity benefits to calf-raising facilities. The “Danish entry” system can help keep disease out by creating distinct sanitation zones which are separated by a bench.
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